The use of antibiotics in agriculture

Repeat or future use of antibiotics >> << creates pressure for strattera cost selection in favor of growth

antibiotics mutants. They can be found

comparing the size of the treatment zone (or even >> << absence cleaning zone) strains of bacteria

in plate tests, such as above. Using these discs

is also possible to detect the emergence

individual mutant cells resistant to antibiotics in culture

strain that is sensitive to antibiotics. For example

shown in Figure G (see below) .. Effect of different antibiotics >> << to increase the strain Bacillus >>. Right

<< image showing close-up disk novobiotsin (marked by arrows

on the whole plate). In this case, some >> << individual mutant cells in populations of bacteria were

antibiotic resistant and have led to a small >> << colonies in the zone of inhibition. Resistance to antibiotics is

not a new phenomenon. On the contrary, this problem has been recognized

soon after natural penicillins were

introduced to combat disease and bacterial strains

held in the collection of cultures in the name >> << antibiotic era were also found port

resistance genes to antibiotics. However, in some cases, the situation became alarming

from

emergence of pathogenic strains that show how resistance >> << a wide range of antibiotics. One of the most important examples

includes several strains of Staphylococcus

aureus in hospitals. Some of these strains cause serious nosocomial

(nosocomial) infections and

resistant to almost all antibiotics, including methicillin

,

cephalosporins and other beta-lactams that goal

synthesis of peptidoglycan, macrolide

antibiotics such as erythromycin and aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin and

neomycin,

, all of which aim bacterial ribosomes. Only

connection that can be used effectively against qi

,

, staphylococci older antibiotic, vancomycin

which has some adverse effects on human health. Recently

some clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus

with resistance to the alignment of this connection. Many >> << antibiotic resistance genes in staphylococci by

on the plasmid for this discussion) that can

share with Bacillus spp. and

streptococci. , Funding for acquisition of additional genes and gene

- combination. Some of them were transposons

segments of DNA that can exist in both >> << chromosomes or plasmids. Paradoxically, the tragic and that the bacteria staphylococcus aureus

,

who discovered the antibiotic era >> << with the original opening of Fleming in 1929 may also

First become resistant to treatment with a huge battery >> << antibiotics discovered and developed over >> << last 60 years. The use of antibiotics in agriculture

: a reservoir resistance genes? One of the most fierce public debate

now the problem of antibiotics in

agriculture and veterinary practice. The reason for concern >> << that same antibiotics (or at least

antibiotics with the same mechanism of action of bacteria) is

is also used for human therapy. Thus, it is possible that

irresponsible use of antibiotics for non-human >> << use can lead to resistance, which could

then be transmitted to human pathogens transmission

plasmids. The greatest concern of all centers in the usual

use of antibiotics as feed additives >> << for farm animals - to promote the growth of animals and prevention of infections, and untreated infections. This

was difficult to get exact figures of

antibiotics used in this way. But the scale

potential problem was highlighted in the recent report >>

Soil Association, which collected data

on the general use of different types >> << antibiotic for People and animals:

Selected data: J. Harvey Mason and L. Use and misuse of antibiotics in agriculture. Part 1. The current use. Published in December 1998

on Soil Association, Bristol, UK (e-mail.

Info @ soilassociation org). Not all antibiotics >> << listed in the publication are here. Next >> << source of anxiety is the wide use

resistance to antibiotics as marker genes in

GM crops. Most companies insert

resistance to antibiotics as marker genes in

in the early stages of their development of GM crops. This >> << allows scientists to determine if genes that are most interested

(resistant to herbicides or genes

insecticidal toxin genes, etc.) were included in the

harvest. Resistance to antibiotics of genes that is not more >> << role, but they are not deleted from the final product

. This practice is met with criticism >> << due to the potential that antibiotic resistance genes

could be purchased by microorganisms. In some cases

these marker genes of resistance

frontline antibiotics, such as

beta-lactams. .